‘Bausteine zu einer biologischen Weltanschauung’ (1913) Jakob von Uexküll
‘Bedeutungslehre’ (1940) Jakob von Uexküll
‘Biologische Briefe an eine Dame’ (1920b) Jakob von Uexküll
‘Biology and Linguistics’ conference in Tartu in February 1978
‘Biosemiotics’ book edited by T.A.Sebeok and J.Umiker-Sebeok (1992)  is still the largest volume in biosemiotics
‘Biosemiotics’ book edited by T.A.Sebeok and J.Umiker-Sebeok (1992) was probably the first book with ‘biosemiotics’ in the main title
‘Classics of Semiotics’ (Krampen et al. 1987)
‘Streifzhge durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen’ (Uexkhll, Kriszat 1934)
‘Symbol Formation’; Werner 1919
‘The principle of sympathy’ S.Meyen (1977)
‘Theoretische Biologie’ (1920a, 1928) Jakob von Uexküll
‘Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere’ (1909), Jakob von Uexküll 
‘Vita aeterna’ periodical
‘Winter Schools on Biosemiotics’ at Moscow University
“It from bit” is a way in which information is thought to play a substantive role in the sciences
“It from bit” view claims that any causally or dynamically grounded distinction makes a difference, thereby ensuring that it is information (MacKay 1969, see also Bateson 1973)
“It from bit” view claims that information is objective and there is nothing else
“It from bit” view has originated independently from so many people that it is pointless to attribute an origin, though it probably goes back to Leibniz’ view
“It from bit” view is the most liberal and inclusive view
“It from bit”, intropic and level intropic substantive views of processes are all found outside of biology
“On A New List of Categories” paper (Pierce, 1867)
“Semiotic approach in theoretical biology” workshop (1988)
1900s
1910s
1920s
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
a bacterium that can swim up a sugar gradient, but tumble if it happens to be swimming down a sugar gradient is an example of far-from-equilibrium processes that deploy different processes depending on differences in the environmental circumstances
a bacterium, for example, might swim and continue swimming if it is going up a sugar gradient, but tumble if it finds itself swimming down a sugar gradient (D. T. Campbell, 1990)
a blueprint is an external form of representation
a broken environment is a non-continuous environment
a candle flame cannot deploy different processes depending on differences in the environmental circumstances but if they could search for fuel when the candle was low, that would be an example (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a candle flame deploys processes that tend to contribute to self-maintenance such as the generation of heat by the flame
a candle flame in a standard atmosphere and gravitational field, it induces convection, which pulls in continuing oxygen and removes combustion products (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a candle flame vaporizes wax into a continuing supply of fuel (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a candle flame, for example, manifests a short term stability and persistence, but only so long as fuel and oxygen are input to the process (Mark H. Bickhard)
a candle flame, in other words, tends to maintain itself; it exhibits self-maintenance (Bickhard, 1993) 
a candle flame, is an example of far-from-equilibrium processes that tend to maintain themselves becauses it makes several active contributions to its own persistence (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a candle flame, maintains  threshold temperature above combustion (Mark H. Bickhard)
a case of Barwise and Seligman information channels
a causally efficient organization violates the causal closure of the physical world (Kim)
a cautious approach to meaning
a chemical bath can be maintained in a far-from-equilibrium condition, for example, with the pumping into the chamber of appropriate chemicals
a chemical bath is a far-from-equilibrium process which exhibits at best a minimal autonomy (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a chemical bath is an example of far-from-equilibrium processes dependent for their continued existence on continued external sources of support
a chemical bath is dependent on the external pumps continuing to pump the necessary solutions into the bath, and on the external reservoirs of those solutions continuing to contain sufficient quantities of those solutions (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a child's toy block
a circle and a rectangle are differing visual aspects of one underlying cylinder
"a classic paradigm of abbreviatory definition is ""bachelor = unmarried male"""
a code implies a semantics (Barbieri (2001))
a component is a type
a consequence of earlier system interactions with the environment is a vicariant
a consequence of the interactive model of representation per se is an inherent integration of issues of representation, action, and motivation
a context provides a natural framework
a direct example of construing what the interactive model would take as a differentiation as being more than that, as being a representation of that which has been differentiated (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a direct triggering indication of the relevant interaction is a causing of that interaction
a dynamic alternative model of function is offered in which function emergences in particular special kinds of far-from-equilibrium open systems
a dynamic version of implicit definition
a dynamic version of implicit definition would be the class of environments that would permit a process interacting with one of those environments to reach completion: the process implicitly defines its class of favorable environments
a dysfunctional kidney does not filter blood, then this particular kidney has the function of filtering blood, but it does not do so
A far-from-equilibrium system that is recursively self-maintenant can differentiate environmental conditions that serve to indicate the appropriateness of particular further interactions for maintaining far-from-equilibrium conditions (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a feature of a single self-reproducing system (SRS)
a feature of the whole population of self-reproducing systems (SRSs)
a few more 
a frog that sees a fly and simultaneously sees the shadow of a hawk will most likely choose to jump in the water rather than flick its tongue and try to eat the fly
a full explanation of why internal state is recruited as a cause of behavior - of why indicates the success of - involves the fact that C carries information about (indicates) F which is the set of conditions on which the success of M depends
a fundamental issue in physics, biology, and cognitive science is where to draw the necessary epistemic cut between the coherent physical dynamics and its rate-independent semiotic description (Pattee)
a genetic code has an immediate advantage for even nonsexual organisms
a genetic code is opening up the possibility of later major transitions
a good example
a heart, for example, may serve a function for a parasite, but be dysfunctional for the host
a history will be repeated
a kidney exist because their evolutionary predecessors did in fact filter blood
a kidney has that function even if it is not serving it
a kidney, then, may have the function of, say, filtering blood, even if this particular kidney doesn't in fact filter blood (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a less powerful manner of differentiation of environments
a lion in the zoo
a longer time scale process of replacement and recreation is a longer time scale dedicated metabolism
a model of representational content is in every case a specification that is available at best to an observer analyzing the organism, not to the organism itself (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a model of the emergence of representation as a special kind of function is delineated
a model of the emergence of representation is an interactive model of representation
a modern unification of biology has to be based on the fundamentally semiotic nature of life (Hoffmeyer)
a more detailed elaboration of the model
a neurotransmitter docks in a receptor molecule on the surface of a cell
a neurotransmitter triggers resulting biochemical activity inside the cell
a neurotransmitter triggers the internal cell activity
a number of approaches to modeling function
a number of approaches to modeling representation
a part of a system serves a function with respect to the whole system insofar as it contributes to the maintenance of the system's far from equilibrium conditions (Bickhard, 1993; Christensen, Collier, Hooker
a part of the environment
a part of the system must filter blood
a part or aspect of a system will have a function insofar as it is an instance of a type which tends to serve, has a disposition to serve, that function for the type of the overall system (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a particle metaphysics
a particle metaphysics is not a legitimate, even necessary, locus of causal power (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a particle metaphysics makes the possibility of causal emergence of process organization, seriously problematic
a passive differentiation is a differentiation nevertheless, and can serve as the basis for further indications of interactive potentiality
a passive system is a system with no outputs
a physical information system requires some degree of discreteness
a pointer to a subroutine can indicate the potentiality of the interactions that would be engaged in by that subroutine
a poison docks in a receptor molecule on the surface of a cell
a poison triggers the internal cell activity 
a population as a set of elementary self-reproducing system (SRS) is not an integrated entity which has epiphenomena belonging to it as a system
a population as an integral whole is a self-reproducing system (SRS), whereas a population of non-interacting individuals is not (Kalevi Kull)
a predication about the environment should be undertaken in the presence of some sufficient subset of that set of supporting properties (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a principal and distinctive characteristic of semiotic biology lays in the understanding that in living, entities do not interact like mechanical bodies (Kull 1999: 386)
a principal and distinctive characteristic of semiotic biology lays in the understanding that in living, entities interact like messages, the pieces of text (Kull 1999: 386)
a process in a recursively self-maintenant system dynamically presupposes whatever those conditions are, internal to the system or external to the system, that support its being functional for the system
a process metaphysics consistent with contemporary quantum field theory is examined, it supports notions of emergence rather than defeating them
a process metaphysics opens up the possibility of emergent causal power, non-epiphenomenal emergence, in new process organizations
a process metaphysics precludes the denial of potential causal power and emergent causal power to organization
a process metaphysics, on the other hand, makes organization intrinsic to all reality, at all levels
a process model of the emergence of representation
a process that is far from thermodynamic equilibrium will move toward equilibrium, and thus cease to exist, unless some active counterinfluence is operative
a process will succeed or fail in serving its function(s) in a self maintenant far from equilibrium system depending, in part, on whether or not its dynamic presuppositions hold (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a programmatic task
a protein code would allow a finite number of proteins to map an open-ended range of possible products (Collier)
a recursive self-maintenant system can shift among differing kinds of processes in order to maintain the property of being self-maintenant in varying conditions (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a recursive self-maintenant system must have some way of differentiating those environments in which it will engage in one process versus those in which it will engage in some other process (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a recursively self-maintenant system can adopt varying ways of being self-maintenant in appropriate response to environmental changes
a recursively self-maintenant system is one that can contribute to the maintenance of its condition of being self-maintenant (Bickhard, 1993; see also Christensen, Collier, Hooker)
a recursively self-maintenant system may just switch from one interaction with its environment to another as differentiated conditions change
a recursively self-maintenant system may set up indications of multiple interactions that would be appropriate in current circumstances, and engage in some more complicated process of action selection or interaction selection
a representation is an internal state that has been recruited via instrumental conditioning to participate in the cause of some behavior (Dretske) 
"a representation represents falsely if that content is false of a current representational target so, if a content of ""cow"" is attributed to a horse as target, that will be false (Millikan, 1984, 1993; Cummins, 1996)"
a representation represents whatever it is its proper function to represent
a requirement for information to be discriminating is that its embodiment is complex
a restricted notion of the physical is having to do with only efficient causation
a rock is an example of energy well process organizations
a selected trait will contain information produced by certain genes that are selected along with the trait (Wright 1973, Millikan 1989, Neander 1991)
a self maintenant system can maintain itself over some range of conditions — if a candle is put into a vacuum or doused with water, it ceases
a self-maintenant system contributes to its own conditions of stability and persistence (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a self-reproducing system (SRS) represents a destabilizing force in a system where it exists
a series of dynamic interpretants will get somebody closer and closer to the final interpretant
a set of different particular semiosis (recognitions, adaptations) forms a language, if the same type of interaction could result distinctively different behaviour i.e
a sign does not signify in all respects and has some particular signifying element (Peirce)
a sign may determine a mind to a conduct
a similar concept
a simple process for such selection would be to select among the indicated potentialities that interaction whose outcomes best satisfy, or best further, current system goals (Mark H. Bickhard) 
a special kind of function is that of indicating future potentialities for interactions and their expectable internal consequences
a specific example 
a statue is an external form of representation 
a statue must be understood as a statue
a straightforward counterexample to a model
a straightforward counterexample to the asymmetric dependency criterion
a subweb of indicated interactive potentiality might even exhibit the property of closure: all states in the web are reachable from all other states via some class of interactions that relate those states
a switching mechanism is an infrastructure in the system that engages in the relevant shifts of system processes
a system could be more or less rational; rationality is something that can occur at levels other than that of the human psyche (Kalevi Kull)
a system which generates and tests hypotheses about its environment
a system which generates and tests hypotheses about its environment has a set of hypotheses which are present in coded, symbolic form in order to satisfy the intuition about the nature of hypotheses
a system which generates and tests hypotheses about its environment must be subject to variation and test in relation to an external world
a system which generates and tests hypotheses about its environment must have some principle of correspondence whereby good hypotheses about this world can be retained and stored while bad ones are discarded
a system which generates hypotheses about its environment
a system which tests hypotheses about its environment
a test is a differentiating process
a test is performed and, under some conditions, control is transferred out of the subsystem while under other conditions control will be transferred to some interactive subsystem, perhaps complex
a TOTE structure is a Test-Operate-Test-Exit structure
a trait is functional if it is selected for, meaning that it is an adaptation (Wright 1973, Millikan 1989, Neander 1991)
a type can be a filter that sorts out tokens of a particular kind
a variation on Shannon methods
a view of representation
a whole system serves a function with respect to the whole system insofar as it contributes to the maintenance of the system's far from equilibrium conditions (Bickhard, 1993; Christensen, Collier, Hooker)
A. Bramwell
A. Heschl
A. Heschl showed the equality of cognitive and adaptive processes
A. Levich 
A. Turovski
abbreviatory definition
abbreviatory definition is an explicit definition of new terms in a logic using terms already available in that logic
abbreviatory definition, however, is not the only legitimate form of definition
abductive reasoning
ability to anticipate what interactions might be possible next
ability to carry small variations in the lower level
ability to discriminate
ability to mutate
abiotic conditions
abiotic conditions do not usually form regular rows of valleys, and consequently, geo-species cannot represent regular sets of species
able to filter blood
aboutness and truth value are the semantics for emergent representation
aboutness is a basic normative issue of representation
absence of any meaning, in a stretch of the human genome
absolutely determinate
abstract aspect to infomorphisms
abstract representation
accept a terminology
accept an approach
accept symbiogenetic theory of origin of eucaryotes
accept the consequences
acceptable models of emergence
acceptance of the semiotic view by biologists
accepted theoretical biology
accepting symbiogenetic theory of origin of eucaryotes, we can conclude that eucaryotic organisms have usually federative species
access cannot be simply presupposed in a model of representation
access is a primitive function built into a machine, but it is not primitive in the relationships between machine and the world
accidental regularities
accidental regularities do not carry information (Barwise and Seligman)
accidental regularities do not count for the transmission of information
accomplished biologists
accomplishment of relevant work
according to a sectarian view
according to a sectarian view of Meyer-Abich, physics should be a part of biology, not vice versa
according to an etiological approach of normative functions
according to Darwinism
according to our understanding of the theoretical system of biology
according to Ransdell 
according to the approach used in a review
according to the best science of today
according to the biosemiotic view
according to the etiological account
according to the interactive model of representation
according to the meaning given to a notion
account for abstractions such as numbers
account for all aspects of phenotypic traits
account for higher order accomplishments or possibilities requires, among other things, addressing the representation of abstractions
account for input processing 
account for objects in terms of atoms and molecules is a higher order accomplishment
account for objects in terms of earth, air, fire, and water is a higher order accomplishment
account for objects in terms of theories about objects is a higher order accomplishment
account for representations of physical objects
account for representations such as of objects
account for the inner representations
account for the possibility of error
account for the very possibility of error-guided behavior
account for the very possibility of error-guided learning
account of function in biology by Maturana and Varela
account of function in biology that breaks the symmetries of genes
account of how indicated potential interactions could be selected
account of how representation makes a difference in the processes of the world
account of information flow in distributed systems by Barwise and Seligman (1997)
account of system goals
account of the possibility of system detectable error
accounting for that emergence is among the central problems of naturalism
accounting for the possibility of erro
accounting for the possibility of system detectable error; 
achieve a wide distribution in biologists’ writings
achieve specific goals
achieve the acceptance of the semiotic view by biologists
acknowledge the importance of sexual selection
acknowledge the importance of something
acquired characters
across the course of somebody’s intellectual life
action activation
action and motivation emerge naturally and necessarily as aspects of one single underlying ontology of the interactive agent (Bickhard)
action and representation are not, and cannot be, distinct modules
action based model
action based perception
action based representation
action cannot be a logical interpretant (Pierce 1906)
action evaluation
action feedback
action framework
action framework for understanding representation
action is a fragmentation of mentality 
action is a functional module
action is taken to be dependent on encodings
action is taken to be interpreting encodings
action of signs
action selection
action selection in a recursively self-maintenant system can occur via more complex selection processes among indicated interaction potentialities
action selection in a recursively self-maintenant system can occur via simple triggering
action stimulation
action systems are interactively competent control structures
actions to be performed
activation vector
active constructive processes
active contributions of far-from-equilibrium systems to their own stability
active counterinfluence
actual reason for the origin of regular species
actual representation
actuators are input/output systems
ad hoc explanations
ad hoc ontologies
ad hoc postulates
adaptation by natural selection is a semiotic fine-tuning (Salthe)
adaptation is a semiotic phenomenon
adaptation is a semiotic phenomenon, that is, a process of signification (E. Baer 1984: 6)
adaptive characters of organisms
adaptive far-from-equilibrium autonomy
adaptive landscape of abiotic conditions
adaptive space
add a layer of modality
additional features integrating population into one whole
additional hurdle to the making of an analysis
additional interpretants
additional modules of cognition
additional properties
address a challenge
address briefly 
address logical challenges
address metaphysical challenges
address the issue of coding
address the representation of abstractions
address this issue
address vexing issues
addressee
adds further restrictions
adequacy of pointers
adequacy of subroutines
adequacy of the interactive model for all forms of purported representation
adhere to a philosophy
Adolf Meyer-Abich (1893–1971)
adopt a restricted notion of the physical
advantages of a a physical information system
adversion to an observer
adversion to evolution
adversion to evolution does not help because the problem is a logical one and applies to evolution just as much as to learning and development (Bickhard, 1991, 1993; Fodor, 1981)
adversion to explanation
adversion to explanation as constituting the ontology of representation
afford multiple potentialities of manipulations
afford multiple potentialities of visual scans
after the transition of evolution
aim of a book chapter
aim of a sign chain
algorithmic approaches used for information measurement
algorithmic information theory is useful for ecological networks
algorithmic information theory is useful for interspecies communication
algorithmic information theory is useful for intraspecies communication 
algorithmic methods used for information measurement
algorithmic methods used for information measurement are more appropriate for dealing with information in biological organism
algorithmic methods used for information measurement work best on individuals
algorithmic technologies used for information measurement
all acceptable premises express only facts, and, therefore, do not contain any normative terms
all acceptable premises of an argument
all genuine causal powers reside in the lowest level of particle interactions
all genuine pragmatist approaches share a rejection of correspondence models of representation
all indications of possible system interactions are conditional at least in the sense that they are evoked in certain internal system conditions, and not in others
all indications of possible system interactions are conditional on particular internal states of the system
all living beings are in some extent adapted, because they have undergone differential reproduction during their previous evolution
all living systems
all of causality is resident at the level of the most fundamental particles (Kim 1993, 1997, 1998)
all of Peirce's work in philosophy
all of the main aspects are highly controversial
all organizations are ultimately quantum field organizations (Mike Bickhard)
all scales of organization of process are candidates for the non-epiphenomenal emergence of new causally efficacious power (Mark H. Bickhard) 
all thought is in signs (Peirce)
allow for the combination of language structure with tolerance structure
allow gradual increases in the size of information space
almost any
almost exclusively
almost unnoticed results
along the lines of a time period
alternative account of normative function
alternative accounts of function in biology
alternative accounts of function in biology focus on organizational role (Maturana and Varela 1980, Rosen 1991, Cummins 1983)
alternative approaches to the interactive model of representational content
alternative channels of heredity
alternative channels of inheritance
alternative model of representation
alternative models of representation
alternative modes of heredity are ultimately grounded in the genes (Maynard Smith’s (2000b))
alternative self-maintaining processes
always fail 
always ultimately fail
ambiguity in the regularities underlying the information channels involved in gene expression
amenable to generalization
amenable to mathematical exploration
among the theories
amount of information capacity of a channel
an action framework for understanding representation forces a variation and selection constructivism, an evolutionary epistemology (D. T. Campbell, 1974)
an alternative perspective
an assumption is strongly motivated
an empiricist assumption
an etiological approach in fact fails to provide a naturalistic account of normative function (Mark H. Bickhard) 
an example might be primitive cells that, say, metabolize sulfur and have appropriate infrastructure for doing so, but which have no alternatives available, and thus no need to switch among alternatives (Mark H. Bickhard) 
an example of a recursively self-maintenant system is a bacterium, for a real example, can swim up a sugar gradient, but tumble if it finds itself swimming down a sugar gradient (Campbell, D. T. 1974a, 1974b, 1990)
an example of causal correspondence is that created by light bouncing off an object and into the eye of an observer
"an example of conventional correspondence is that the word ""fire"" carries information about the phenomenon of fire "
an example of intervening interactions is turning the object around to create the possibility of the visual scan from that angle
an example of lawful correspondence is the lawfulness of a light propagation from an object
an example of strictly informational correspondence is the smoke that carries information about fire
an indicated outcome of an indicated process might not obtain -- the process might not reach completion -- even if the process is engaged in
an indicated process might not in fact contribute to self maintenance
an indication of the appropriateness of an interaction in a recursively self-maintenant system, dynamically presupposes that those conditions obtain
an infinity of further signs both proceed and precede from any given sign (Peirce)
an interaction (or behavior) (M), might indicate still further interactions (or behaviors) (Ms)
an interaction (or behavior) (M), that is indicated, might itself, if undertaken, detect or create still further environmental conditions (Fs) (Mark H. Bickhard) 
an interaction might create an environmental condition (F)
an interaction might detect an environmental condition (F) that that organism could not detect with passive input processing
an interactive representation in a recursively self-maintenant system may be fallibly discovered to be false
an interactive representation in a recursively self-maintenant system may be false: the dynamically presupposed conditions may not be true
"an internal state in a system is recruited as a ""cause"" of a behavior because it indicates the success of that behavior (Mark H. Bickhard) "
an observer could infer from the fact that the system has arrived at A that the system is in an environment with such and such properties -- if the observer knew what properties did in fact underlie arriving at internal state A
an organism cannot have access to its own representational contents (Mark H. Bickhard) 
an organized process is a legitimate, even necessary, locus of causal power
an unsound argument is based on a false premise
analogous understanding
analogy between scientific principles
analogy of language
analogy of representations
analysis of biological form
analysis of biological teleology
analysis of the application of the tools and notions of semiotics (text, translation, interpretation, semiosis, types of sign, meaning) in the biological realm (Kull 1999: 386) 
analysis of the conditions required for something 
analyze a scientific concept
analyze biological channels
analyze the concept of adaptation from the point of view of subjective biology
And perhaps X and Y each serve as the conditions for still further indications of potentiality, and so on (Mark H. Bickhard) 
animal communication studies
animal semiosis is called zoosemiotics
another aspect of the dynamical decoupling of energy and information in biological systems
another one-level self-reproducing system (SRS)
another useful tool
answer questions within a purely mechanist and physicalist framework
anthroposemiosis
anti-Cartesian project
anticipations are indications of possible interactions
anticipations detectable by the system
anticipations have truth values for the system
anticipations of possible interactions
anticipations of possible interactions constitute the model of interactive representation
anticipations of possible interactions would permit the agent to select among those possibilities that are most suited to its current internal conditions
anticipations of possible interactions would permit the agent to select those possibilities that are most to be avoided
anticipatory aspect of interactive systems
anticipatory indications of potentiality involve dynamic presuppositions
anti-Darwinian theories
any approach or programme that permits cognition to seem autonomous is foundationally flawed
any change of hereditary structure
any components or parts of a system serve such a function insofar as they make such a contribution (Mark H. Bickhard) 
any difference between organisms may potentially reduce the competition between them
any indicated interaction anywhere in the subweb is reachable as a direct interaction potentiality via various intermediary conditional interactions
any instance of signification contains a sign-vehicle, an object and interpretant (Peirce)
any model of a real agent with a real mind
any model which cannot account for system-detectable error is impeached
any new organization of process will instantiate new properties, and some of them may be interesting, non-linear, and capable of downward causation -- some of them may be interestingly emergent
any one of these interactions potentialities is available or reachable from any other so, the subweb of interactive potentialities are internally reachable
any particular possible outcome of an interaction
any particular possible outcome of an interaction serves to differentiate those environments what would yield that outcome from those that would yield a different outcome: the outcomes differentiate types of environments
any possible outcome of an interaction
any sign is itself the interpretant of some further sign (Peirce)
any sign may display some combination of iconic, indexical and symbolic characteristics (Peirce)
any sign must determine an interpretant in order to count as a sign, and interpretants are themselves signs, infinite chains of signs seem to become conceptually necessary (Peirce)
any sign must generate an interpretant in order to be a sign (Peirce)
any sign or representation will have a sign-vehicle, an object, and an interpretant (Pierce)
any sign whose sign-vehicle relies on simple abstracted qualities is called a qualisign
any sign whose sign-vehicle relies upon conventions, habits or laws is called legisigns
any sign whose sign-vehicle relies upon existential connections with its object is called a sinsign
any stability of a chemical bath is dependent on the continuing operation of the pumps and availability of the chemicals
anything that has causal power, will have causal power as an organized feature of the world (Mark H. Bickhard) 
aporia in a model
appear at the origin of life
appear effects of heterochrony
appear open criticism of the whole approach
appearances to the contrary, at least in two important instances, derive from incorrect metaphysics, false epistemologies, and illegitimate logical restrictions
applicability of Zipf’s law in the ecological communities
applicable information concepts
application for funding
application of information theoretic methods to biology
application of information theory
application of information theory in biology
application of N. Wiener’s feedback loop in neurobiology
application of Uexküll’s functional circle in neurobiology
applied mathematics in every field of biology
apply a distinction
apply a proposed interpretation of semiosis
apply an epistemology t othe research
apply an interpretation
apply Dawkins' metaphor
apply Saussurean approach to molecular processes of the cell
apply semiotic analysis to the biological systems 
apply semiotic approach in biology
apply something more broadly
apply the natural language as a way to describe the systems
apply the notion of information to the internal perspective of autopoietic systems
apply the notion of information to the internal perspective of autopoietic systems, using the convenient connection from systems theory between the concept of operationality and the concept of information
apply the notion of plan to the explanation of animal behaviour
apply the notions used by the biologists of vitalistic paradigm in the contemporary biology by means of semiotic terminology (Kalevi Kull)
apply to nonsexual bacteria
apply to other aspects of
approach to all representation
approach to modeling representation
approach to understanding function
Approache to modeling function
Approaches to modeling representation
appropriate indications of potentiality constitute representational content
appropriate indications of potentiality for any particular environment
appropriate interactions
appropriate interactions for an environment
appropriate interactions for an environment tend to be self-maintaining
appropriate interactive potentialities
appropriate response to environmental changes
appropriate system organizations
appropriateness of an interaction in a recursively self-maintenant system is a normative notion, and the normativity is a functional normativity
appropriateness of particular interactions
architectural frameworks for modeling anticipations of possible interactions
are higher level regularities simply the working out of the particle interactions with the relevant initial and boundary conditions?
are no doubt important
are the properties and regularities of the organization the stage upon which and within which the particles work out their interactions?
argument against system detectable error
argument based on a particle metaphysics
arguments about causally epiphenomenal emergence
arise of discreteness
Aristotle’s form principle 
Aristotle’s form principle held to be the beginning of vitalism
Aristotle's model of perception
arrive at a designated outcome
arrive at a full understanding of an object
arrive at a state
arrive at internal differentiating states
artifactual biological information channels
artificial intelligence and cognitive science are dominated by programmatic assumptions that make their own highest level programmatic aspirations impossible (Bickhard & Terveen, 1995)
as a chain of signs moves towards a final end there are different interpretants playing different but significant roles
as an integral whole
as far as
as is often the case in biology
as previously mentioned
ascribe the greatest importance to an aspect
ask a variety of questions
aspect of a methodology
aspect of a system
aspect of human sciences
aspect of interpretation
aspect of molecular biology
aspect of the control infrastructure of a system
aspects discussed in biosemiotics
aspects of actuality
aspects of an ontology of interactive system organization
aspects of epistemic relationship
aspects of genetic information
aspects of modality
aspects of necessity
aspects of phenotypic traits
aspects of possibility
aspects of quantum fields
aspects of the information transmitted
aspects of the same process
aspirations of understanding mental processes
assignment of types of system
assimilate an object into the system of signs
associate interactions with indications of expectable internal interaction outcomes
associate signs with cognition
associated internal outcomes
association of information with heredity
associations of the semiotic view in biology
assume an encodingism toward representation
assume that all representations are encodings
assume that all representations are stand-ins
assume the possible application of linguistics in biology
assumption of a general value
assumption of small variations
assure something to be correct
astronomy as a study of semiotic
asymmetric dependence
asymmetry between equilibrium processes and far-from-equilibrium processes
asymmetry between function and dysfunction
at an explicit level
at an implicit level
at an implicit level the content of an indication will be particular properties, or combinations of properties
at any particular point in the sign chain the dynamic interpretant represents an incomplete understanding, or interpretation, of the dynamic object
at any rate
at first seem
at least in name
at least not explicitly
at least potentially
at least two things
at least two things are recognized by a biosystem as different things
at the expense of efficiency
at the psychological level
at the start of a paragraph
at the very least
at various points
atom is a stable organization of processes
atom is a straightforward example of energy well process stability because if sufficient energy is introduced into this process, it is altered and perhaps disintegrates; it loses its cohesion (Mark H. Bickhard) 
atoms are a furious process of electron waves around an even more furious dance of quarks and gluons
atoms are straightforward examples of energy well process stability
atoms, molecules, and much of the standard furniture of the world is temporally persisting because of such energy well stabilities
attack the theory of selection
attempt to avoid encodingist presuppositions
attempt to locate errors
attempt to render implicit content in explicit form
attempt to use a semiotic approach to solve the problem of coexistence of self-reproducing systems (SRSs)
attempts to handle the problem of representational error
attempts to treat enzyme action biosemiotically
attendant problems
attractive idea 
attribute causal power to organization
attribute causal power to quantum fields
attribute information to biological systems in a non-instrumental way
attributes of life
attribution of information to a system
August Weismann
authoritative substantive uses of information in biology
authoritative usages
authoritative views
autogenetic theories
autogenetic theory of evolution (C.Nägeli, T.Eimer)
autogenetic theory of evolution states that the existence of an immanent (intrinsic) source of evolutionary change, the intrinsic trend towards the diversification of structure and behaviour
autonomous agents approaches
Autonomy
autonomy in this sense is a graded concept: there are differing kinds and degrees of such active contributions (Mark H. Bickhard) 
autonomy is a property of systems in the sense of actively contributing to their own persistence
Autonomy is modeled in terms of the property of certain far-from-equilibrium open systems to contribute toward maintaining themselves in their far-from-equilibrium conditions
Autonomy, Function, and Representation
autopoietic structures
autopoietic systems
avoid errors
avoid programmatic errors
avoid the complexities 
avoid the information technology
avoid the problems
avoid the problems of encodingism
avoidance of mathematics
avoidance of ontological concerns yields a non-naturalistic outcome
awkward word
B. Goodwin
B. van Heusden
B. van Heusden has tried to formulate the specificity of human perception 
bacteria that generate hypotheses about their environment
bacteria that test hypotheses about their environment
bad hypotheses about the environment of a system
Baer and not Darwin would become the central historical figure in theoretical biology (Salthe)
Baer’s interpretation of biological time
Baerian biology
Baerian biology has been in a suppressed minority position almost throughout of this century, except may be only for the first and last decades i.e., in the periods of neovitalism or organicism, and post-Darwinism
Baldwin’s effect
Barbieri’s requirements for a code
Barwise and Seligman approach
Barwise and Seligman approach invokes regularities, which cannot be understood purely formally but even this informal part of their approach does not imply anything more than non-accidental relations, which can be found in the most basic physics
based on a metaphysical view
basic dilemmas of biology
basic framework
basic intuition
basic manner in which something occurs
basic ontology of the universe
basic particles
basic representational nature
basic sign structure 
basic speciation process
be a matter of degree
be a matter of gloss
be a representation of that which has been differentiated
be able to compare our representations with what they purport to represent
be able to detect error in our own representations
be able to determine what your own representations are supposed to represent
be able to filter blood
be able to persist at all
be able to persist under certain conditions
be addressed in a more general way
be addressed in greater detail 
be adequate for the emergence of function
be an adversion to an observer
be analyzed as communication channels
be applied to biology
be assured
be at stake
be backward looking
be backward looking down the stream of inputs coming into the organism
be championed by 
be characterized in the same way
be clarified below
be clear
be committed to substantive information accounts
be compared to the current target
be constructed via processing of inputs
be controversially championed by
be crucial to a work
be crucial to the possibility of error of representation
be deeply interested in the theory of any particular biological phenomenon
be defined using only terms already present in the premises of the argument
be dependent on external processes
be designed by humans
be difficult to find
be discussed
be eliminated if it fails
be embedded in the literature
be familiar with a concept in day-to-day encounters
be far from semiotics
be favourable to reproduction
be favoured probabilistically
be founded on a logical incoherence
be future looking
be geographically isolated 
be grounded in chemistry
be grounded in physics
be hidden from view in macroscopic interactions
be important in each case
be impossible
be in a differentiating state
be in close communication with
be informed by the cognitive contents
be inherently integrated
be intellectually isolated
be invariant under all possible interactions
be invoked via processing of inputs
be involved in making something possible
be modeled in a specific way
be non-natural in the sense of being true but superfluous
be not open to the system to determine its own representational content
be not so deeply interested in the theory of any particular biological phenomenon
be of undeniable importance
be open to information
be open to the system to determine its own representational content
be open to the system to determine what its own representations are supposed to represent
be overlooked
be placed into a hierarchy
be placed into a nested hierarchy
be placed into an increasingly nested hierarchy
be present in the premises of the argument
be progressively differentiated in development over the course of some years
be recruited via instrumental conditioning
be reduced to genetic information
be reducible
be subject to be eliminated if it fails
be subject to be tried out
be the basis for biology
be thought to play a substantive role in the sciences
be tried out
be useful to 
be usually taken as
be willing to accept the consequences
be worth noting that
bear fruit
bear in mind the analogies between scientific notions
because it seems to
become a paradigm for the theory of General Biology
become a signifier
become generally accepted
become the dominating view in a science
become the dominating view in biology
become unpopular
become very popular
Bedeutungslehre by J.von Uexküll is one of the first books on biosemiotics
before the transition of evolution
beginning of biophysics
beginning of genetics through the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws; 
beginning of mathematical biology
beginning of research into population variability, under the name of biometry (K.Pearson)
beginning of the century
beginnings of biosemiotics should be traced back, however, to its roots in the work of the Estonian born German biologist Jakob von Uexküll (1864-1944) (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
behavior control networks composed of proteins and other substances
behavioral transmission between organisms
behaviour, involving the cognitive processes, can in fact be viewed as the continuous formulation, testing, and improvement of hypotheses according to criteria of behavioural success, whatever this may be (A. Heschl)
Belew
belief in a teleological force in nature
belief in teleology
beliefs anchored in the thinking of scientists
benefit the organism
Berlinski
Bertrand Russell’s book ‘The Analysis of Mind’
beside the point
best contemporary science
Beth's theorem
Beth's theorem applies to the implicit definition of single terms
Beth's theorem holds only for first order predicate logic and infinite models 
Beth's theorem is commonly cited as a reason to ignore implicit definition (Doyle, 1985) 
Beth's theorem, states that implicit and explicit definition are of equal power (Chang & Keisler, 1990)
better understanding of deep but forgotten investigations
between the meaningful areas there is an unrecogizable area
between the meaningful areas there is hiatus
between the neurotransmitter and the cell activities there is nomological informational correspondence 
between the poison and the cell activities there is nomological informational correspondence 
beyond Dretske's model
beyond the ken of Dretske's model 
bibliography 
binary discriminations
Biochemist
biochemistry is based on the binomial or dyadic cause-effect model
biocybernetic notions
Biocybernetics
biogenesis is a biological problem
biologic semioticians
Biological Abstracts CD
biological agents
biological autonomy
biological background of language origins
biological channels
biological communication studies
biological congresses
biological environment
biological foundations of language
biological ground for representation
biological information channels
biological information channels are complex themselves
biological information channels are interconnected in complex ways that show considerable logical depth indicating organization (Bennett 1985)
biological information channels are nothing if not distributed
biological information channels carry complex information
biological information channels is a technique for studying biological information
biological information channels typically show organized complexity (Collier and Hooker 1999)
biological information involves something more than substantive information (Collier)
biological information transmission
biological memory
biological phenomena acceptable to scientists of other philosophical backgrounds
biological pragmatics
biological processes cannot be reduced to energy governed ones because of differences in organized complexity
biological processes that support functionality
biological recognition and biological adaptation represent the simpliest forms of semiosis (Kalevi Kull)
biological reviews
biological roots of cognition
biological species
Biological Station of Naples
biological studies
biological systems are both complicated and complexly organized
biologists influenced by neovitalistic approaches
biologists of clearly neovitalistic inclination
biologists of neovitalistic trend
biologists of vitalistic paradigm
biologists still cannot precisely define or delimit what to call the living process (Kalevi Kull)
biology and linguistics
Biology and linguistics conference 
biology becomes one thread in society’s entanglements with the world, rather than a compartment of sure knowledge
biology can make some real contribution towards answering “what is language essentially?”
biosemiosis is the sign action in living systems
biosemiotic conception suggests that the life sphere is permeated by sign processes (semiosis) and signification (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotic course at Tallinn University of Educational Sciences
biosemiotic courses
biosemiotic meetings
biosemiotic sections in conferences
biosemiotic views
biosemiotics and biotechnology
biosemiotics appear to be involved in hermeneutics all and this trend is called biohermeneutics (Chebanov)
biosemiotics as a term did not appear in international literature until introduced by the American linguist and semiotician Thomas A. Sebeok in 1986 (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics as a term, was used in Russian semiotic literature by Yuri Stepanov as early as 1971 (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics attempt to pave a way of conjoining culture with nature, through the proper understanding of the relationships between ‘external and internal nature’ (Hoffmeyer 1993: 155)
biosemiotics attempt to pave a way of conjoining humanities with natural sciences, through the proper understanding of the relationships between ‘external and internal nature (Hoffmeyer 1993)
biosemiotics attempt to research the origins of semiotic phenomena
biosemiotics attempt to understand the relationships between external and internal nature
biosemiotics attempts to use semiotic concepts to answer questions about the biologic and evolutionary emergence of meaning, intentionality and a psychic world
biosemiotics belongs in large part to nature, in some part to culture, which is, of course, also a part of nature (Sebeok)
biosemiotics builds a new foundation for biology
biosemiotics can be defined as the science of signs in living systems
biosemiotics can be defined as the science of signs in living systems (Kalevi Kull)
biosemiotics can be regarded as a branch of the life science (Sebeok)
biosemiotics can be regarded as belonging in large part to nature, in some part to culture, which is, of course, also a part of nature (Sebeok 1991: 22)
biosemiotics can be seen as a contribution to a general theory of evolution, involving a synthesis of different disciplines (Emmeche)
biosemiotics can be seen as a contribution to a general theory of evolution, involving a synthesis of different disciplines (Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics can be seen not only as a branch of semiotics, but also as an approach in theoretical biology (Kalevi Kull)
biosemiotics can be viewed as a root of both biology and semiotics rather than a branch of semiotics (Sharov 1998: 404-405)
biosemiotics claims that cause-effect model is not sufficient if  biochemical and physiological processes are organised in obedience to their semiotic function in the integrated organism
biosemiotics claims that life-processes are part of and are organised in obedience to a semiotic dynamic (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics deals with sign processes in nature in all dimensions
biosemiotics deals with the emergence of semiosis in nature, which may coincide with or anticipate the emergence of living cells (Emmeche)
biosemiotics deals with the emergence of semiosis in nature, which may coincide with or anticipate the emergence of living cells (Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics deals with the horizontal aspects of semiosis in inner sign functions in the immune and nervous systems (Emmeche)
biosemiotics deals with the horizontal aspects of semiosis in plant and animal communication (Emmeche)
biosemiotics deals with the horizontal aspects of semiosis in plant and animal communication (Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics deals with the horizontal aspects of semiosis in sign functions in the immune and nervous systems (Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics deals with the horizontal aspects of semiosis in the ontogeny of organisms (Emmeche)
biosemiotics deals with the horizontal aspects of semiosis in the ontogeny of organisms (Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics deals with the horizontal aspects of semiosis in the semiotics of cognition and language (Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics deals with the natural history of signs (Emmeche)
biosemiotics deals with the natural history of signs (Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics deals with the semiotics of cognition and language (Emmeche)
biosemiotics describes the continuity between matter and mind
biosemiotics does not imply any denial of the anchoring of life-processes in well-established physical and chemical lawfulness (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics draws upon the insights of fields like systems theory, theoretical biology and the physics of complex self-organized systems
biosemiotics enables the introduction of subjectness, i.e. organism as a subject, into the biological realm (cf Uexküll 1931b, Woltereck 1932)
biosemiotics has still not found its place in biology (Kalevi Kull)
biosemiotics has to be based on the fundamentally semiotic nature of life (Hoffmeyer 1997)
biosemiotics has under its umbrella a diversity of interests and viewpoints (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics helps to understand the development of mental features through the semiotically interpreted evolutionary epistemology (Schult 1989, Hoffmeyer 1996b)
Biosemiotics in the twentieth century : a view from biology (Kalevi Kull)  
biosemiotics integrates findings related to sign actions in living systems, from various scientific fields
biosemiotics is a branch of general semiotics, but the existence of signs in its subject matter is not necessarily presupposed (Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics is a branch of general semiotics, but the existence of signs in its subject matter is not necessarily presupposed, insofar as the origin of semiosis in the universe is one of the riddles to be solved (Emmeche 1992: 78)
biosemiotics is a modern unification of biology (Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics is a new paradigm for biology or theoretical biology (Anderson et al. 1984; Hoffmeyer & Emmeche 1991; Eder, Rembold 1992; Kull 1993a; cf Anderson 1990)
biosemiotics is an attempt to apply semiotics to biological systems in order to account for communication from the molecular level through the behavioral and social
biosemiotics is an inevitable frontier that semiotic theory cannot for long delay exploring (J. Deely) 
biosemiotics is concerned with the interpretation of nature's sign universe in the context of the semiotic tradition from Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914)
biosemiotics is concerned with the sign-aspects of the processes of life itself (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics is divided in endosemiotics and exosemiotics (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics is divided in horizontal semiotics and vertical semiotics
biosemiotics is not concerned with the sign-character of the theoretical structure of life-sciences) (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics is not one among other biological subdisciplines but rather constitutes a certain theoretical frame for the study of biology (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics is not yet a specific disciplinary research programme, but a general perspective on life
biosemiotics is semiotic biology (Kalevi Kull)
biosemiotics is still in the phase of 'vagueness' (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics is the biology that interprets living systems as sign systems (Emmeche, Kull, Stjernfelt 2002: 26)
biosemiotics is the scientific study of biosemiosis (Emmeche, Kull, Stjernfelt 2002: 9)
biosemiotics is the study of living systems from a semiotic perspective (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics is the study of signs, of communication, and of information in living organisms (Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)
biosemiotics is the study of the processes of communication and signification (Sebeok)
biosemiotics is the study of the twin processes of communication and signification (Sebeok)
biosemiotics may also help people to understand higher forms of mind and the variety of religious experiences
biosemiotics may help to resolve some forms of Cartesian dualism that are still haunting philosophers and scientists
biosemiotics of biochemistry
biosemiotics proper deals with sign processes in nature in all dimensions (Emmeche)
biosemiotics sections in semiotic conferences
biosemiotics see the evolution of life and the evolution of semiotic systems as two aspects of the same process
biosemiotics seems to propose for biology a sort of philosophical basis or background (Kalevi Kull)
biosemiotics sees itself as general semiotics
biosemiotics states that all processes going on in animate nature at whatever level, from the single cell to the ecosystem, should be analysed and conceptualised in terms of their character of being sign-processes (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
biosemiotics study movements as signs
biosemiotics study objects as signs
biosemiotics study signs on molecular scales normally not perceived by an organism
biosemiotics study smells as signs
biosemiotics study sounds as signs
biosemiotics study the signs in the physical and biologic realm in an attempt to integrate the findings of biology and semiotics
biosystems are hierarchic systems and consequently, there is a hierarchy of Umwelts, hierarchy of adaptations, and hierarchy of meanings
biosystems are hierarchic systems in the sense that they consist of several SRSs of different levels (Kalevi Kull)
biotic evolution
biparental recognition is an intrinsic mechanism which preserve species
biparental reproduction
blind alleys
books on immunosemiotics
books on semiotics that pay much attention to biosemiotics
borrow a term
botanist
both information and correspondence are factual relationships that occur ubiquitously throughout the universe, and at least most of which are not representational
Both the understanding of natural cognitive systems and the design of artificial cognitive systems will have to accommodate these conditions for emergence (Mark H. Bickhard) 
boundaries on our ability to know the final meaning of the genes
boundary between the prebiotic and biotic evolution
boundary conditions
boundary conditions in biology embody at least the foundation for the special laws of the discipline, such as Mendelian genetics and Fisher’s population genetics
boundary conditions in biology embody the special laws of the discipline (if any – if not, their closest analogue)
boundary conditions in biology have considerable regularity
boundary conditions in physics are typically distinguished from laws governing dynamical transitions
Bowler 1983, Cannon 1957, Mayr 1972)
branch of science
branching of conditional interaction indications
branching of indications
Brauckmann
breadth of an account
break the information channel
bridge between genes and organism
bridge the gap between genetic information expression and function
brief discussions
Brier
Brier has analyzed the problems of the integration of biosemiotics and cybernetics
bring back a scientific tradition
broad sense of notion of learning
broaden the basis of a science
broadening of the views 
brute fact
Burks
burn an object
"But that dependence is asymmetric, it is not reciprocated, in the sense that cows evoking the cow representation would do so even if there never was and never would be a ""horse on a dark night"" evocation (Fodor) "
But, as for Fodor's model, representing the current target is the original problem of representation that was to be accounted for (Mark H. Bickhard) 
by assumption
C [internal state] indicates the success of M [behavior]
"C [internal state] is recruited as a cause of M [behavior] because it ""indicates"" the success of M (Dretske) "
C [internal state] is recruited as a cause of M [behavior] because of what it indicates about F [external conditions], the conditions on which the success of M depends (Dretske) 
C [internal state] is, so to speak, selected as a cause of M [behavior] because of what it indicates about F [external conditions] (Dretske) 
C [internal state] may be evoked in circumstances that do not include F [external conditions], contrary to the representational function of C [internal state] (Dretske) 
C. H. Waddington
C.Nägeli
calculate the information content
Cambridge Club of theoretical biology
can also be interpreted using more biological terms
can also be interpreted using other terms
can be
can be derived from
can be devastating
can be sent over telegraph wires
can be used to guide further interaction
can differentiate environmental conditions
can explain
can get an idea how
can have causal consequences in a system
can infer from the facts
can lead to explorations
can make sense of
can notice
can occur
can semiosis be modeled mathematically?
can take place
can the notion of anticipations of possible interactions be explicated in purely functional terms?
candidates for a model of the nature of representation
cannot account for the very possibility of error-guided behavior
cannot account for the very possibility of error-guided learning
cannot be defined in terms of 
cannot be underestimated
cannot check their own representations
cannot develop understanding any further
cannot satisfy multiple criteria
cannot work
canonical example
capability of detecting errors in your own representations
capable of being causally efficacious
capable of doing work
capable of independent replication
capable of providing a general definition of a concept
capable of purposeful changes
capable of replication only as part of a larger whole
capacity for containing messages
capacity for expressing messages
capacity for replicating messages
capacity of biological channels
capacity of extracting messages’ signification
capture a distinction
capture Peirce's idea
capture Peirce's ideas
capture the basic normative issues of representation
capture the importance of interpretation to signification
Carnegie Institute
carry genetic information reliably
carry information
carry information about relevant environmental conditions and changes
carry information about the environmental conditions
carry our experimental research
carry small variations
carry something over 
case of cellular semiosis
cases in which semiotic aspects appear
cases in which there are plausible emergent forms
cases of emergence
cases of functional error
cases of representational error
catalysis required for metabolism
catalytic processes involved in epigenesis
catalyzed assembly
categorical perception
categories as wholes with diffuse boundaries, although separated from the neighboring categories by hiatuses, are objects upon which natural languages are based, and for the description of which they are well suited (Kalevi Kull)
causal based version of Dretske's model
causal closure
causal connection
causal connection between two events
causal consequence of configurations of basic particles
causal consequence of organizations of basic particles 
causal consequence of processes of basic particles 
causal consequences
causal consequences in a system via the glossing individual
causal consequences of lower level constituents within that higher level organization
causal correspondence is a form of informational correspondence
causal difference
causal efficacy of an organization
causal isomorphisms
causal model of how C [internal state] comes to be selected
causal power
causal power emerges in new process organizations
causal power inhering in organization
causal power of the organization
causal powers
causal powers of the fundamental particles
causal relationship
causally efficacious for organisms themselves with no observers around
causally efficacious function
causally efficacious organization
causally efficacious properties of higher level organizations
causally epiphenomenal
causally epiphenomenal function
causally epiphenomenal representation
causally relevant issue
cause of some behavior
caused by the recognition taking place during biparental reproduction of one of its components
cease to exist
cell cohesion mechanism
cell cohesion mechanism plays play obligate role in morphogenesis 
cell surface
cell-cell recognition
cell-cell recognition mechanism play obligate role in morphogenesis
cell-cell recognition mechanisms
cells are autopoietic structures
cells are open to information (Collier)
cells constitute the lowest level, semiotic atoms, in semiotic theory (Thure von Uexküll)
central characteristics of living systems
central idea
central problems of naturalism
central strategy
certain features are more or less present
certain kinds of far-from-equilibrium systems
certain rise of interest
certain uniparental organisms may form geo-species
Ch. Morris
chains of signs tend towards a definite but idealized end rather than progressing ad infinitum (Pierce)
Chaitin
challenges of non-epiphenomenal emergence
challenges to the possibility of emergence
chance events
change in hereditary channels
change of hereditary structure
change the intensity of competition
change toward becoming
changeability of self-reproducing systems
changed process
changes in the state
changes produced accidentally
channel from A to B
channels of genetic heredity
channels of heredity
channels of information
channels of inheritance
character of biological information
character of the processes
characteristic of eco-species
characteristic of living beings
characteristics of an object
characterization of a transition
Charles Bennett
Charles Bennett’s notion of logical depth may provide a measure of organization
Charles Darwin (1872) wrote a book on the evolution of emotions, which was an early work on ethology
Charles Morris (1901-1979)
check of the truth value of the indication
chemical baths that depend on external reservoirs of reactants and pumps to introduce them into the bath are far from thermodynamic equilibrium systems (Nicolis, 1995; Nicolis & Prigogine, 1977, 1989)
chemical evolution
chemical language of blood
chemical language of bone
chemical language of muscle
chemical language of nerves
chemical networks
chemical reactions
chemical stability of DNA is final component of the transition from RNA to DNA
chemical stability of DNA produced through the reduction of RNA
chemistry as a study of semiotic
chew an object
choice of interaction means that there are more than one possibility for further interaction
circle of foremost scientists
circular glossing representations of an epistemic agent
circularity of the representation of system goals conditions
circumstances of utterance the sign
cite a name
claim textual support for somebody’s own view
clarified implications
class of environments
class of favorable environments
class of interactions
class of models
class of models for a set of sentences
classes of counterfactuals
classes of interactions
classes of sign
classic paradigm
classical radical skeptical argument
classification of sign types
classification of sign types in Peirce’s early account of sign theory
classification of sign types in Peirce’s final account of sign theory
classification of sign types in Peirce’s interim account of sign theory
classification of the sign in terms of the sign-vehicle and the object
classifications imposed upon signs by elements of semiosis
classificatory combinations
classify a scientist
classify signs in terms of their relation with their interpretant (Peirce)
clear case of asymmetric dependency,
clear notions
clearest part of Peirce's final sign theories
clearly biological processes
clearly visible interpretation
clever adaptation
close into loops
close into reciprocal indication relationships
closeness of philosophies
coarse phenotypic properties
code duality is a formulation of biological information which is applicable to all levels of living systems (Kalevi Kull)
code for chemical networks
code for phenotypic properties
code for proteins
code for regulation
code for social phenomena
codes are collective rules that do not depend on individual features of their support structures (Barbieri (2001))
codes are rules of correspondence between two independent worlds (Barbieri (2001))
codes give meanings to informational structures (Barbieri (2001))
codified assembly
coding processes involved in epigenesist
coevolution is a biological problem
coexistence of self-reproducing systems (SRSs) 
cogency of the genes representing
cognition is a functional module
cognition is not an autonomous subsystem
cognition is taken to consist of various stages of the input and processing, and sometimes the output, of encodings
cognition per se is seen as being organized around one or more storage banks for encodings
cognitive content
cognitive content depends on language which is a social activity
cognitive contents
cognitive ethology contributes to knowledge about biosemiosis because it deals with information processes at various levels
cognitive issues
cognitive processing
Cognitive Science
cognitive science contributes to knowledge about biosemiosis because it deals with information processes at various levels
cohesion of an organization of process
cohesion of far-from-equilibrium systems
cohesion, in a very general sense, is the property of stability against perturbations (Mark H. Bickhard) 
cohesive level of a species
cohesive level of an object
cohesive level of an organism
co-linear stars 
collapse of dominoes
collection of articles edited by Sebeok and Umiker-Sebeok 
collection of examples of semiotic interpretation of biological phenomena
collective article
collective review of a book
collective rules
collierj@ukzn.ac.za
combination of language structure with tolerance structure
combination of properties
combinations of logics
combinatorial approaches used for information measurement
combinatorial methods used for information measurement
combinatorial methods used for information measurement are more appropriate for dealing with information in biological organism
combinatorial methods used for information measurement work best on individuals 
combinatorial technologies used for information measurement
combine genetic information
come out in the wash of time
come to be more efficient 
come to be more reliable 
commonalities between interactivism and Drescher's model 
commonalities between interactivism and Piaget's genetic epistemology
communication begins with a decoder, not with the encoder, whether intentional or not and this insight is particularly crucial to the understanding of evolution as a part of semiosis (Kalevi Kull)
communication in the immune system
communication in the nervous system
communication processes
communicational interpretant
communications theory can be used to analyze various biological channels in terms of their capacity, connectivity, order, and organization
communicative aspects
community of more than one species
comparative anatomy as a study of semiotic
compare different levels of biological organization
compare interactivism with Drescher's model
compare the interactive models of representation with other models of representation
compare the use of information as a technology of measurement
comparing the representational content with the current target
comparison between interactivism and Drescher's model
competing indications
competition interaction may occur through a large number of different ways and we probably cannot reach a simultaneous measurement of all of them
compile a sketch of semiotic paradigm in biology
complementary base pairing
complementary modes of conceptualization
complementary modes of description
complete conception of the objects of the sign
complete discussion
complete failure of mechanistic efforts to transplant biological theories into the science of language
complete scientific knowledge
complete understanding of an object
completely passive systems
completely sequential transitions
complex artificial systems
complex issues
complex matter
complex mixture of meanings in the theoretical spheres of biology
complex organism with circulatory system is an instance of an including type that contains typical parts whose functions are to filter blood 
complex organisms
complex organisms must have some functions served, such as filtering blood, if they are to persist at all, not just to be able to persist under certain conditions (Mark H. Bickhard) 
complex organisms with circulatory systems
complex phenotypic properties
complex relations
complex representation
complex selection processes
complex self-organized living systems are constraining their their individual molecules action 
complex self-organized living systems are endowing their individual molecules with functional meanings in relation to the whole metabolism
complex self-organized living systems are governed by final causality in the sense of their tendency to generate future interpretants of the present sign actions
complex self-organized living systems are governed by final causality in the sense of their tendency to take habits 
complex self-organized living systems are governed by formal and final causality
"complex self-organized living systems are governed by formal causality in the sense of the ""downward causation"" from a whole structure (such as the organism) to its individual molecules"
complex systems
complex webs of conditional interaction potentialities
complexities of gene expression
complexity in how genetic information is translated 
complexity of an account
complexity of the embodiment of the information channel 
complicated system
components in semiotic processes
components of molecular processes
comprehension of models without losing their identity with semiosis
comprehension of the general character of the processes
comprehensive analyses of the history of theoretical biology
comprehensive theoretical system
Computation, Cognition, and Consciousness
computer science
computers are human agents
conceive the practical bearings of an effect
concept of ecosemiotics by W. Nöth
concept of emergence
concept of information into biology
concept of memes by R. Dawkins
concept of recognition of species by H. Paterson (1993)
conceptual clarity
concern with whether heredity or environment (nature or nurture) cause certain traits
conclude the description of a chapter
concluding claims
concluding claims of a section
conclusion made in the epilogue
conclusions of a valid argument
concrete models of living systems
condition of asymmetric dependency between the types of evocations
conditional indications of possible system interactions
conditional interaction potentialities
conditionalization of indications of interaction potentialities creates the possibility of iterating such indications: if XYZ differentiation occurs, then QRS is possible, and if QRS occurs, then ABC will be possible
conditions for emergence of function
conditions for emergence of representation
conditions within the organic environment
conference participants
conferences in biosemiotics
configurations of fundamental particles
conflict between levels of inclusion
confront a new uncertainty
confront an unpredicted uncertainty
confuse the specimens of the population
conjoin semiotics with biology
connect to various forms of biological information
connection between genetic information and function
connection between the concept of operationality and the concept of information
connection between the dynamic interpretant and the immediate object
connection between the dynamic object and the process of inquiry in Peirce's later sign theory
connection between the process of inquiry and sign chains
connectionism posits representations constituted as distributions of activations across a space of (output) units
connectionist approach to representation
connectionist input processing
connections between different aspects of a philosophy
connections between immediate object and dynamic object
connections between Peirce's later account and the end-directed process of inquiry
connections between sign chains and inquiry
connections between the semiotic process and the process of inquiry
connections of dynamic interpretant to other elements of Peirce's semiotic
connections of final interpretant to other elements of Peirce's semiotic
connections that emerge from the notion of inquiry
connectivity of biological channels
Conrad Hal Waddington was the leader of “Towards a Theoretical Biology” symposia and volumes of original papers
conscious mind
consequences of actual relationships among variables
consequences of biparental reproduction
consequences of relationships
consequences of self-reproduction
consequences of the differing actions
consider a counter-example
consider a neurotransmitter docking on a receptor in a cell surface and evoking corresponding activities in the cell
consider a poison molecule that mimics the neurotransmitter and also docks on that receptor
consider an alternative model of representation
consider epigenetic changes to be primary factors in evolutionary change 
consider only the indication of success of the behavior relationship
consider something in a different respect
consider the existential aspects of natural science
consider the psychological aspects of natural science
consider the sunflower, whose flower tends to face the sun very reliably
consider things relevant to the higher standards required for explanation
consider two conditions under which a representation is invoked, one purportedly correct and the other incorrect
consider two views as indifferent
considerable difference between the Baerian and Darwinian schools of thought in biology
considerable difference between the holistic and reductionistic schools of thought in biology
considerable difference in the successfulness of the attempts of holistic and reductionistic schools of thought to conjoin signs and life or semiotics and biology 
considerably long time
consistent with contemporary quantum field theory
constituents within that higher level organization
constitute representation
constitute something as a representation
constitute the ontology of representation
constraining process of the sign
constraints on the objects within the level are connected to biological and cognitive form, enformation is the expressed information and it is distinguished from other forms of negentropy (Collier)
construct a representational theory of the mind
construct arguments
construct networks of infomorphisms
construct semantics out of semantic building blocks
construct the anticipations of possible interactions
construction of the theoretical system for theoretical biology
constructive perception
constructors are input/output systems
construe representation
construe representation in a backward in time looking manner
construe representation in a future oriented manner
construe the issue
contact for the interactive model of representation is an aspect of epistemic relationship to the world
contact with the environment is provided by the differentiations of that environment
contain information produced by certain genes
contain semantic information
contemporary biosemiotic works
contemporary challenges to naturalism
contemporary scholars
contemporary science claims that there are no particles, only processes (Mark H. Bickhard) 
contemporary science holds that particles are not all there is, there are also fields
contemporary semiotic textbooks
content for the interactive model of representation is an aspect of epistemic relationship to the world
content of representation
content of the sign
context of cognition
context of semiotics
context of the sign
context of the trends in biology
context of the trends in semiotics
context of the triadic structure of semiosis
context of utterance of a sentence
context of utterance of a sign
contexts of the semiotic view in biology
contextualize the normativity of function
contibute to the solution of problems
continuing supply of fuel
continuing to swim down a sugar gradient is, in general, not appropriate
continuous formulation of hypotheses
continuous improvement of hypotheses
continuous testing of hypotheses
contradict the concept of emergence
contradictory claims
contrast different levels of biological organization 
contrastive discussions
contribute to self maintenance
contribute to the maintenance of far from equilibrium conditions
contribute to the stability of a far-from equilibrium process
contribution of the internal environment
contributions in self-maintenant systems toward maintaining themselves in their far-from-equilibrium conditions constitute the emergence of normative function
contributions to the creation of required conditions for the maintenance of the far-from-equilibrium processes
contributions to the support of required conditions for the maintenance of the far-from-equilibrium processes
control action of an agent
control infrastructure of a system
control might be regarded as requiring function, but function is not required for explaining gene expression
control might be regarded as requiring intention, which adds to function some sort of meaningful purpose, but genes are not intentional
control networks of complex phenotypic states composed of proteins and other substances
control of a nuclear reactor 
control of the appropriate tissue kind by networks composed of proteins and other substances
control the interaction of system with the environment
controversial parts of Pierce’s final account of sign theory
controversial significance
convenient connection
conventional correspondence
conventional signs of which our language and cognition consist
converge towards some intermediate state
convert a population of single independent individuals into an integral whole
corollary arguments
corollary arguments against encodingism
correct a deficit
correct indication of appropriate interactions 
correct infrastructural properties
correct logic
correct metaphysics
correct spatial properties
correct system’s organization
correct temporal properties
correcting our logic, metaphysics, and epistemologies, however, does not guarantee acceptable models of emergence
corrent epistemology
correspond to relevant environmental conditions and changes
correspondence does not exist
correspondence is the basic category within which representations are differentiated (B. C. Smith, 1987)
correspondence models of representation
correspondence models of representation are past oriented
correspondence models of representation have in principle difficulties handling modal representation
correspondence models of representation must, at best, superimpose some additional criterion for error on the basic correspondence framework
correspondence models of representation, including isomorphy models of representation, cannot account for representational error 
correspondence models of representation, including isomorphy models of representation, cannot account for the possibility of representational error (error of such correspondence) that is detectable by the system itself
correspondence models of representation, simply do not inherently have the resources to account for representational error
correspondence relationship
correspondences between items in the system and conditions in the world
corresponding approach
corresponding extensions of a model
cosmic evolution
cosmological vision of evolution
co-species is an eco-species which is preserved by recognition between specimens of the eco-species and a species, whereas the recognition is needed for the reproduction of the specimens of the eco-species
could do with a 
could evaluate the terms
count as information
count for the transmission of information
counter the impact of conditions
counter the impact of processes
counter-example
counterexample to an assumption
counterexamples
counterexamples to Fodor’s model for managing representational error in correspondence models of representation
counterfactuals
"counterfactuals involving the various possible combinations of presence and absence of ""cow"" and ""horse"" evocations"
counterpart of all living systems
course of intellectual life
cover all the varied uses of information concepts by biologists
cover information with tolerance properties
crank is a poison
create a new situation for semiotics
create an environment
create an organization
creation of regular discreteness in the morphological distribution of self-reproducing systems (SRSs)
creation of regular discreteness in the spatial distribution of self-reproducing systems (SRSs)
creation of regular discreteness in the temporal distribution of self-reproducing systems (SRSs)
Crick’s central dogma
criteria of behavioural success
critical property of anticipations of possible interactions
criticisms of Darwinism
criticize something in the steps of an argument
criticize the gene-centered approach of heredity
critiques of notions of emergence
cross-fertilization
crucial fact
crucial relationship
crucial relationship in Dretske’s model of representation
crush an object
cultural heredity is based on written language, on spoken language and arts (G. Noutsos)
cultural heredity is the way to integrate orgasmic life in planet life (G. Noutsos)
cultural heredity is the way to make orgasmic life infinite (G. Noutsos)
cultural sphere
current internal conditions
current point 
current position of the constellations
current position of the earth
current representational target
current state of a system, in etiological approach of normative functions, is not adequate for the emergence of function (Mark H. Bickhard) 
current system goals
currently dominant approach to understanding function
currently known
cursory discussion
cursory nature of Peirce’s final account
cut off a system from its environment
Cyc model
D. Dennett has made strong attempts to explain the intentional aspects of living systems (Kalevi Kull)
D. Zahavi
D.M.S.Watson
D’Arsonval
Danish Society for the Semiotics of Nature
Darwin has made an important distinction between natural selection and sexual selection
Darwin used the assumption of small variations 
Darwin’s contemporaries
Darwin’s theory of selection
Darwin’s views
Darwinian biological theory
Darwinian theory of natural selection obtained its mathematical basis, and the so-called modern synthesis took place, giving rise to the synthetic theory of evolution
dashes of Morse code
David Savan
David Savan’s notion of immediate interpretant
dawn of coding
dawn of indefinite replication
deal with biological knowledge
deal with issues
deal with the complications of gene expression
decide to organize data
decipher the genetic code
deciphering of the DNA code has revealed our possession of a language much older than hieroglyphics, a language as old as life itself, a language that is the most living language of all’ (Beadle, Beadle 1966: 207)
decisive criterion for the mystery of life
decisive textual evidence on a scientific matter
declare that semiotics could be the basis for biology
decline in general interest in theoretical biology
decoupling of genotype and phenotype
dedicated metabolism
deductive reasoning
deep analogy
deep fundament for future biology
deep questions
deepening of the views
deeply buried implicit assumption
default condition of a passive system
default condition of a system
defense of metaphysical emergence
definable in terms of current state of the system
define autopoiesis in terms of operational closure (Maturana and Varela)
define codes
define something in terms of itself
define the indications of appropriate interactions in an environment in terms of current state
define what to call the living process
defined terms
defining clauses
definite descriptions
definite end
definition for the axioms of geometry
definition of a self-reproducing system
definitional understanding
deflation of emergence
degree of discreteness
degree of modularity into genotypic changes
degree of modularity into resulting phenotypic changes
delimit a time period
delimit each other's range of variability
delimit the field of biosemiotics
delimit what to call the living process
delimited by reciprocal recognition needed for the reproduction of self-reproducing systems (SRSs) of both
delimited by the recognition of certain species
delimited by the width of closed valley in the adaptive landscape of abiotic conditions
delineate two camps 
delome - symbolic – legisign type of sign
demarcation of the species
demonstrate that no non-functional notions are necessary in a model
demonstrate the adequacy of pointers and subroutines
demonstrate the adequacy of the interactive model for all forms of purported representation
demonstrated adequacy of interactive representation 
denial of intuitions is a key assumption of Cartesian philosophical method (Peirce) 
density of every separate type of self-reproducing system (SRS)
Department of Psychology
depend on conditions within the organic environment
dependence on the proper learning history
dependence on unnaturalizable observers (Mark H. Bickhard) 
deploy different processes depending on differences in the environmental circumstances
deploy processes
depths of downward causation
derive from false epistemologies
derive from illegitimate logical restrictions
derive from incorrect metaphysics
derive information from a sign by deductive reasoning
derive the pragmatist influences from Jean Piaget
describable in the language of physics
describe biological species using natural languages
describe the dynamic interpretant
describe the evolution of communication
describe the evolution of the DNA code
describe the final interpretant
describe the formation of self-organized structures in prebiotic evolution
describe the heredity of self-organized structures in prebiotic evolution
describe the immediate interpretant 
describe the replication of self-organized structures in prebiotic evolution
descriptive adequacy
deserve attention
deserve to be examined
deserves special analysis
design beings with minds
design goals in artificial intelligence
design of artificial cognitive systems
designated outcome
designed agents
desire a more complex design
despite appearances
despite numerous recent criticisms 
despite the explanations given to a notion in a scientific field
despite the explanations given to goal-directedness in cybernetics 
despite the non-genetic dependency
despite the various signs
destabilizing force
destabilizing force in a system
destinate interpretant
detect errors
detect that error
detection of error in a system
detection of error in an organism
determinate understanding of what somebody means
determine its own representational content
determine the internal environments
determine the matching between representational evocations
determine what happens in the world
determine what its own representations are supposed to represent
determine what the representations are supposed to represent
determine what the system does
develop a logical framework
develop a metaphysical framework
develop a scientific view
develop a series of dynamic interpretants
develop complex functions of motivation
develop complex functions of representation
develop conditions
develop critiques of notions of emergence
develop processes
develop sciences of recognition
develop the autogenetic view
develop the problem of biological basis of cognition
develop the semiotic understanding of biological phenomena
develop understanding further
develope ideas about semiotic
develope ideas about signs
develope ideas on signs
develope something into an exact system of assumptions and consequences
developed an approach in an extensive way
developing a thoroughgoing theory of signs
development is an active constructive process (Bickhard, 1992)
development of biocybernetics
development of biophysics
development of mathematical biology
development of mental features
development of molecular biology
development of protocells
development of semiotic consciousness
development of semiotic paradigm in biology
development of the recognition concept of species
development of the views of a scientist
development of Uexküll’s views
developmental change
developmental channels
developmental logic of other branches of sciences
developmental systems theory
developments in symbolic logic made by Peirce and Oscar Mitchell
"devote to biosemiotics an issue of a periodical ""Vita aeterna"" "
diagnose errors
diagnose programmatic errors
dialogue between Baerian and Darwinian thinking in biology
dicent – indexical – legisign type of sign
dicent – indexical – sinsign type of sign
dicent - symbolic – legisign type of sign
difference between human perception and real world
difference between particles and processes
difference in behaviour between the species
difference in structure between the species
differences between codified assembly and catalyzed assembly
differences between genetic epistemology and evolutionary epistemology
differences between interactive models and standard models
differences between interactivism and Drescher's model
differences between interactivism and Piaget's genetic epistemology 
differences between organisms
differences in the environmental circumstances
differences of interactivism with encoding models
different effect
different objects
different things
different trichotomies
different types
differential reproduction 
differential reproduction in genetically diverse populations
differential reproduction is the main mechanism of adaptation
differentiate an environment
differentiate emergence into various strengths
differentiate types of environments
differentiation and heterochrony
differentiation and representation of system goals conditions without invoking a circularity in the model of representation (Mark H. Bickhard) 
differentiation in general is generated by the internal outcomes of previous interactions
differentiation of engagement environments
differentiations in general may involve full interactions, but a simple version would be a differentiation process that had no outputs, a passive differentiation
differentiations per se have no content (Mark H. Bickhard) 
differing depths of downward causation
differing environments will yield differing internal courses of the interaction and differing internal outcomes of the interaction
differing forms of non-linearity of interactions
differing functional aspects
differing functional aspects of one underlying system organization
differing processes in a recursive self-maintenant system
differing processes that contribute to self-maintenance
diffuse boundaries
digression on motivation per se
dinstictive acccounts
direct check of the truth value of the indication
direct conflict
direct conflict between information semantics approaches and the interactive model of representations
direct consequence of information theory
direct consequences of self-reproduction
direct intuitive meaning
direct logical consequences
direct triggering kind of indication
directing of energy
discard bad hypotheses about the environment of a system
discover new biological laws
discover new biological mechanisms
discoveries in immunology
discreteness of genes 
discreteness of genes in DNA code greatly enhances the efficiency of the code in the sense of using the same parts in different combinations to express different information
discreteness of genes in DNA code greatly enhances the possibility of both collectivity and independence of support structures
discuss issues
discuss the internal operations of the system
discussa a model
discussion of emergence
discussion of the substantive use of information in biology
disease may be seen as the result of erroneous communication among our body parts (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
disentangle the notions
disjunction problem is just one version of the general problem of accounting for representational error
dismiss the importance of icons and indices as signs
dismiss the relevance of icons and indices as signs
disparate biologists
dissolve an object in acid
distinct branch in semiotics
distinct causal consequences
distinct decoupling of information transmission and metabolism
distinct modules
distinct processes
distinct trichotomies
distinct types of eco-species
distinction between heuristic and substantive uses of information Sarkar (2000)
distinction between instrumental and substantive uses of information in biological studies
distinction between natural selection and sexual selection
distinctive characteristic of semiotic biology
distinctive feature
distinguish between chemical evolution and biological evolution
distinguish between descriptive and explanatory adequacy (Chomsky 1959)
distinguish between the application of two scientific approaches
distinguish life from anything else in the physical world
distinguish the specimens of a population from the specimens of other populations
distinguish the use of information technology in studying the properties of a system from the substantive attribution of information to a system
distribute activations across a space of (output) units
distributed biological information channels
distributed network of information channels
distributed systems
distrust joint designs
diversification of behaviour
diversification of structure
diversification of theoretical approaches in biology
dividing the Interpretant 
dividing The Object 
division of interpretants
division of interpretants due to the parallels between semiotic and inquiry
division of labor
DNA and protein have grammar and syntax, and we have already come upon typographical errors, double meanings, synonyms, and other subtleties (Kalevi Kull)
DNA code
DNA contains information about the phenotype of the organism for the organism itself, rather than from merely external view of some anthropomorphizing observer (Collier)
DNA does not contain the key to its own interpretation (Jesper Hoffmeyer)
DNA has two major implications for inheritance and variability, required for evolution
DNA is probably the biological entity most closely associated with information
DNA is the predominant if not the only focus of biological information transmission
DNA molecule is in a way hermetic
DNA selection is a morphogenic process
DNA selection is an informationgenic process
DNAese
DNA-RNA-protein interactions
DNA-RNA-protein interactions are often considered as representing a good example of biological text or language
do not include directly into the definition
do specialized systems like the immune system present intentionality?
Does a bacterium test and generate hypotheses about its environment?
domains of biosemiotics
dominant alternative account of normative function
dominant approach to model function
dominant approach to understanding function
doom an approache
dopamine is a neurotransmitter
dopamine nomological correspondences
dots of Morse code
double meanings
double stranded RNA
doubt-prone beliefs
doubt-proof beliefs
downward causation
drawbacks of a contemporary approach for adaptation
Drescher has recognized the importance of pragmatic error for learning, but has not recognized the emergence of representational error, thus representational content, out of pragmatic error (Bickhard and Terveen)
Drescher’s work
Drescher’s work in artificial intelligence
Drescher's model
Drescher's model carry over problematics about encodingism
Drescher's model construes representation -- that which is learned -- in terms of correspondences between items in the system and conditions in the world (cf. Dretske, 1988)
Drescher's model of perception is action based, constructive, and modal
Drescher's model of representation is a momentous advance over standard approaches in the literature of artificial intelligence and cognitive science
Drescher's model of representation is essentially that of Piaget
Drescher's model recognizes the necessity of action feedback for learning -- in particular, pragmatic error feedback of when an action does not work as anticipated
Drescher's model recognizes the necessity of action feedback for the construction of representation
Dretske has the differentiating state representing such a set of properties, in virtue of its having been recruited (Mark H. Bickhard) 
"Dretske intends the ""because"" in his definition of the model, in an explanatory sense (Mark H. Bickhard) "
Dretske, however, is not attempting a causal model (Mark H. Bickhard) 
Dretske’s approach to representation
Dretske’s model as an etiological model it is epiphenomenal: representation is not definable in terms of current state (Mark H. Bickhard) 
Dretske’s model fails to be naturalistic (Mark H. Bickhard)
Dretske’s model is a kind of etiological model of representation
Dretske’s model of representation is focused on a cause of behavior
Dretske's etiological model
Dretske's etiological model offer an account of the possibility of system detectable error (Mark H. Bickhard) 
Dretske's model does not accept that an interaction might create an environmental condition (F)
Dretske's model fails to be naturalistic because it is a model of representational ascription-in-explanation, not of the metaphysics of representation per se (Mark H. Bickhard) 
Dretske's model fails to be naturalistic because it is causally epiphenomenal in its dependence on the proper learning history, and, therefore, its inability to be defined in terms of current state
Dretske's model for representation is a spectator, backward-in-time looking model
Dretske's model is state and action based
Dretske's model of representation 
drop an object
due to someone
due to the works of Uexküll
Durban
during the same sexual recognition
dustbin of history
dynamic interpretant
dynamic interpretants are the effect actually produced on the mind (Pierce)
dynamic of the ecosystem
dynamic presupposition can be of particular conditions obtaining at particular places and times 
dynamic presupposition can be of particular phenomena occurring at particular places and times
"dynamic presupposition gives rise to a typification that grounds ""having a function” "
dynamic presupposition is dependent on the presupposing processes being metaphysically capable of success and failure (Mark H. Bickhard) 
dynamic presupposition is itself already a normative property
dynamic presuppositions
dynamic presuppositions can be false
dynamic presuppositions made in indications of interactive potentiality are implicit in the indications themselves
dynamic presuppositions made in indications of interactive potentiality are not explicitly represented
dynamic processes
dynamic systems approaches
dynamic trichotomy 
dynamical conditions
dynamical decoupling of energy and information in biological systems has led to the production of more complex informational regularities of the sort described by Brooks and Wiley (1988),as minor transitions
dynamical decoupling of energy and information in biological systems has led to the production of more complex informational regularities of the sort described by Maynard Smith and Szathmáry as major transitions (Collier)
dynamical kinds of classes
dynamical models are process models
dynamical separation
dynamics
Dynamics and Function
dysfunctional parts of a complex organism
dysfunctional parts of a complex organism are those that have a function but the do not do so
dysfunctional parts of a system
dysfunctional parts of an including type
E. Bauer
E. Bleuler
E. C. Zeeman
E. Cassirer)
E. Cope
E. Hering (1912)
E. O. Wilson
E. P. Odum 
E. Rignano
E. Szathmary 
E.Dacqué’s (1929) title ‘Leben als Symbol’
E.Mayr
E.Mayr’s analysis of biological teleology
each cell is capable of interpreting a limited range of molecular signs
each difference in behaviour or structure between the species may play an important role in changing the intensity of competition
each element of signs and signification can participate only in permissible combinations between elements
each element of signs and signification has three qualifying classes
each of the genetic changes is produced accidentally and is then retained by relative fitness advantages
each of the immediate, dynamic and final interpretants may be further sub-divided into emotional, energetic and logical (Short 1981, 1996, and 2004)
each sign is then classifiable as some combination of each of its three elements, that is, as either one of the three types of sign-vehicle, plus one of the three types of object, plus one of the three types of interpretant
Each way in which information is thought to play a substantive role in the sciences inherits the logical and ontological commitments of the containing views but adds further restrictions
early anti-Darwinian theories
early development sea urchins
early examples of icons include the portraits and noted similarities between the letters p and b (Peirce)
early examples of indices include the weathercock, and the relationship between the murderer and his victim (Peirce)
"early examples of symbols include the words “homme"" and ""man"" sharing a reference (Peirce)"
early pioneers of biosemiotics
early sensory systems
early transitions of evolution
ecological communities
ecological networks
ecology is a branch of biology in which holistic views have had a strong influence, together with reductionist approaches
economics as a study of semiotic
ecophysiologist
eco-species group of genetically close self-reproducing systems (SRSs) preserved by broken or non-continuous environment are called ecto-species as far as the reason for preserving the range of variability is external
Edgar Dacqué (1878–1945)
effect of Peirce's greater appreciation of the parallels between inquiry and his sign theory
effect on the prestige of evolutionary biology
effective interpretant
effective multiplier in
effects of heterochrony
effects with practical bearings
efficiency of genes replication
efficiency of replication
efficiency of reproduction
efficient causation
efficient components
efficient recognition
efforts to fuse linguistic criteria in biology
efforts to fuse racial criteria in biology
efforts to transplant biological theories into the science of language
eighth epigenetic step of organ assembly into organism
elaborate the details of extensions of a model 
elaboration of a simple model
electronics science
element of signs and signification that focus on the relation between signs, objects and interpretants
element of the grounding level of encodings
elementary self-reproducing system (SRS)
elements of signification are the sign-vehicle, the object, and the interpretant
elements of signs
eliminate definitions
eliminate terms by substituting the defining clauses
elude a naturalistic account
emerge naturally in agents
emerge problems
Emergence
emergence is alive and well, and of extreme importance in understanding our world
emergence is constituted as new causally efficacious properties of higher level organizations
emergence is demarcated by differing forms of non-linearity of interactions (Bickhard & Campbell, forthcoming; Campbell, 1974b, 1990; see also Beckmann, Flohr, Kim, 1992; Collier, 1995; O'Conner, 1994)
emergence is differentiated into various strengths by differing depths of downward causation (Bickhard & Campbell, forthcoming; Campbell, 1974b, 1990; see also Beckmann, Flohr, Kim, 1992; Collier, 1995; O'Conner, 1994)
emergence of a conflict
emergence of a direct conflict
emergence of causally efficacious function
emergence of function and representation is a natural phenomena, however, in multiple senses of the word, if a process metaphysics is appropriate
emergence of function and representation is not possible if the world is composed only of particles
emergence of function in a system
emergence of functional types
emergence of normative function
emergence of representation
emergence of representation by recursive self-maintenance
emergence of representation by recursive self-maintenance satisfies multiple criteria that standard approaches to representation such as symbolic or connectionist, or those of Fodor, Dretske, or Millikan – cannot satisfy
emergence of representational content out of pragmatic error
emergence of representational error
emergence of representational truth value
emergence of serving a function
emergent causal power
emergent causal power is non-epiphenomenal emergence
emergent causal powers
emergent content for the relevant system is in some relevant sense possessed by the organism, not by an observer of that organism
emergent content for the relevant system that might permit the organism to be in error, and, perhaps, to detect that error (Mark H. Bickhard) 
emergent ontology of function
emergent properties of representation
emergent property
emotional interpretant
emphasize the basic assumption
empirical science
empirically definable modalities
empiricist assumption
empiricist epistemological constraints are illegitimate
empiricist epistemologies
empiricist presuppositions
encoding correspondences in the representational elements are designed (Newell, 1980)
encoding correspondences in the representational elements are innate (Fodor, 1981) 
encoding correspondences in the representational elements are transduced (Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1981)
encoding correspondences in the representational elements are transduced trained into a net (Churchland, 1989)
encoding models of representation
encoding models of the nature of representation are wrong (Bickhard)
encoding orientations
encoding representations are consistent with models of completely passive systems
encoding representations represent in virtue of some correspondence between them and that which they represent
encodingism and its associated modularizations of action and interaction, representation and motivation dominate contemporary artificial intelligence and cognitive science
encodingism assumption per se has yielded an incoherence, it assumes a grounding level of encoding elements, which cannot exist
encodingism claims that the fundamental nature of representation is encodings (Palmer, 1978)
encodingism requires a grounding level of encodings
encodings are not dependent on action
encodings borrow the representational content from what they stand-in for
encodings cannot be encodings without explicit content
encodings cannot be the basic nature of representation (Bickhard)
encodings clearly do exist
encodings do not require any agent in order to exist
encounter an incoherence
encounter the sorts of problems
encyclopedia article 'Biosemiotics'
encyclopedia entry
Encyclopedia of Semiotics, P.Bouissac (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press
end directed process
end- directedness of a process
end-directedness of the semiotic process
endless mazes of blind alleys
endocytobiology and cell research
endocytobiosis is seemingly leading to the formation of federative species
endosemiotics has only recently been subject to more detailed study (Uexküll 1986, Hoffmeyer 1997)
endosemiotics is concerned with sign processes that take place in the interior of organisms
endo-species is the true species or biological species
endosymbiosis is a biological problem 
energetic aspects of infrastructure in recursive self-maintenance processes are concerned with the accomplishment of the processes to which the system can be switched (Mark H. Bickhard) 
energetic aspects of infrastructure in recursive self-maintenance processes are concerned with the accomplishment of the switching
energetic interpretant
energetic transformations
energy degenerate states
energy directing aspect of infrastructure
energy directing aspect of infrastructure suggests a kind of autonomy that is in between self maintenance and recursive self maintenance (Mark H. Bickhard) 
energy is also stored and transmitted in organisms
energy well process organizations, such as an atom or a rock, exhibit a fundamental form of cohesion (Mark H. Bickhard) 
energy well process stability
energy well stabilities
energy well stability is exhibited when some organization of process requires energy to change its organization and the ambient environment does not impinge that level of energy into or onto the process (Mark H. Bickhard) 
enformation asymmetry in the control of higher and lower level is biologically important
enformation or expressed information at higher levels is able to control information at its own and higher levels more completely (Collier 1990b, 2003)
enformation or expressed information at higher levels is able to control information at lower levels only to a certain degree and sometimes this is called downward causation (Collier 1990b, 2003)
enformation or the expressed information is relative to a certain level in a hierarchy (Collier 2003)
engage a subroutine
engage in subordinate interactions
engage in the motivational selections of actions to be performed
engage interactions
engineering usage
enhance the role for substantive information
enter data into banks for encodings of cognition
entities that were capable of independent replication before the transition of evolution can replicate only as part of a larger whole after the transition
entropy is the disorder of the lower level
environmental agent
environmental circumstances
environmental conditions on which the success of behavior depends
environmental conditions that serve to indicate the appropriateness of particular further interactions for maintaining relevant far-from-equilibrium conditions
environmental conditions that support the success of the behavior
environmental differentiations
environmental differentiations in a recursive self-maintenant system
environmental differentiations will be of environments in which one process is appropriate versus those in which some other is appropriate (Mark H. Bickhard) 
environmental features
environmental properties that support the corresponding internal differentiations
environmental variation
environments are not always so simple 
enzyme action
enzyme actions contain a message like ‘carry out chemical reaction X here’
enzymes are functional
enzymes not merely chemicals
enzymes should not be understood informationally (Maynard Smith (2000a))
epigenesis provides the pragmatics in biological representation (Collier)
epigenetic changes
epigenetic steps of the second part of the bridge between genes and organism correspond to common phenotypic levels
epiphenomena belonging to a population as a system
epiphenomenal model of function
epiphenomenality of function
epiphenomenality of function in etiological approach of representation
epistemic access
epistemic agent 
epistemic agent is the agent that could be glossed as making use of representation
epistemic agent is the agent that itself makes use of representation
epistemologic problems of biology
epistolary
equality of cognitive and adaptive processes
equally successful
equilibrium and far from equilibrium conditions have very different consequences, and there is an inherent asymmetric tendency towards equilibrium
equilibrium conditions
equilibrium processes
Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945)
Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Mayr
erroneous interpretation
error guided processes
error information, in indicated interaction final states or outcomes, can be used to guide further interaction, perhaps in a TOTE organization, or not, or to guide learning processes (Mark H. Bickhard) 
error of representation
error of representation is directly system detectable (Mark H. Bickhard) 
error-guided behavior
error-guided learning
essence of the matter-symbol problem
essence of the measurement or recording problem
essential condition
essential way
establish a link
establish a similar activity
establishment of Biometrika journal
establishment of semiotic biology
esteem of evolutionary biology within biology
estimate the information content
Estonian Academy of Sciences
Estonian Spring Schools in Theoretical Biology
ethics as a study of semiotic
ethological congresses
ethological revies
ethology is a branch in biology
ethology was established as a scientific branch and mainly developed in the XX century
etiological account of normative functions
etiological approach has a ready answer to the question about representational error 
etiological approach is not a paradigm instance of informational semantics
etiological approach of normative functions can make sense of, can explain, why a particular kind of (sub)system exists i.e. kidneys
"etiological approach of normative functions can perhaps explicate the notion of ""being designed"" for some function (Allen & Beckoff, 1995)"
etiological approach of normative functions cannot naturalistically explicate the emergent ontology of function itself (Mark H. Bickhard) 
etiological approach of normative functions fails as a naturalistic model of function because it renders the current state of a system inadequate for the emergence of function (Mark H. Bickhard) 
etiological approach of normative functions fails to provide a naturalistic account of function, unless function truly is just a matter of gloss, with no causal consequences in a system itself - excepts perhaps via the glossing individual
etiological approach of normative functions gives us a model of function that is causally epiphenomenal (Bickhard, 1993, 1998) (Mark H. Bickhard) 
etiological approach of representation is not a naturalistic model of representation
etiological approach of representation makes system detectable representational error impossible, but it clearly is in fact possible, so they are refuted (Mark H. Bickhard) 
etiological approach to model function
etiological approaches 
etiological epiphenomenalism
etiological models of function
etiological models of function are epiphenomenal
eukaryotic cell and bacterium is a pair of co-evolutionary species
eukaryotic cell and virus is a pair of co-evolutionary species
eukaryotic’s cell endosymbionts are the bacteria and viruses
evaluate the aptness
evaluate the implications
evaluate the terms applied in neovitalism
evaluate whether information in some substantive role has a place in biology
Evelyn Fox Keller
even further
"even if an organism had access to its own representational contents, the detection of error would require comparing that content with the current target - the ""cow"" representation with the actual horse - to determine that they did not match"
events that influenced theoretical biology
events with a long-lasting effect on biology
every causal connection between two events, for example, creates a correspondence from the second to the first (and vice versa) and creates an informational relationship between the two
every interpretant is itself a further sign of the signified object (Peirce)
everything is quantized field processes (Mark H. Bickhard) 
evocation of a representation
"evocation of a representation that represents ""cows OR horses on dark nights"" "
evocation of internal states
evolution by selection is not anticipative
evolution of DNA translation
evolution of life is based on code-duality principle (Hoffmeyer and Emmeche 1991)
evolution of semiotic systems
evolutionarily significant
evolutionary epistemology
evolutionary ground for representation 
evolutionary history of the functional representations of a system
evolutionary perspectives
evolutionary perspectives into a scientific field
evolutionary predecessors
evolutionary time
evolutionists
evolve gradually
evolve in parallel
evolve through evolutionary processes
exact system of assumptions
exact system of consequences
exactly in the way
examine a model
examine an approach
examine Peirce’s accounts
examine the aspects of the nature of representation
examine the dynamic interpretant
examine the final interpretant
examine the immediate interpretant 
"example of a delome - symbolic – legisign type of sign is ""An argument"""
"example of a dicent – indexical – legisign type of sign is ""A street cry"""
"example of a dicent – indexical – sinsign type of sign is ""A Weather Cock"""
"example of a dicent - symbolic – legisign type of sign is ""Ordinary proposition"""
"example of a rhematic – iconic – legisign type of sign is ""A diagram [type]"""
"example of a rhematic – iconic – qualisign type of sign is ""A feeling of red"""
"example of a rhematic – iconic – sinsign type of sign is ""An Individual Diagram"""
"example of a rhematic – indexical – legisign type of sign is ""A demonstrative pronoun"""
"example of a rhematic – indexical – sinsign type of sign is ""A spontaneous cry"""
"example of a rhematic - symbolic – legisign type of sign is ""A common noun"""
Example of a system with infrastructure that contributed to self maintenance via the directing of energy, the accomplishment of relevant work, but with no alternatives, no relevant informational aspects
example of biological language
example of biological text
example of dopamine and crank for assymetrical dependence
example of iterated indications of possible system interactions
examples of causal correspondence of the information semantics approach
examples of causally efficacious function
examples of conventional correspondence
examples of co-species
"examples of dicents is to think of them as saturated predicates, or propositions, like ""Fido is a dog"", ""Larry is happy"", ""Fido loves Larry"", ""Larry gives food to Fido"", and so on"
examples of dynamic interpretant
examples of etiological approaches of normative function
examples of failure of the causal closure of the physical world
examples of far-from-equilibrium processes dependent for their continued existence on continued external sources of support
examples of far-from-equilibrium processes that tend to maintain themselves
examples of federative species
examples of Fodor’s way of managing representational error in correspondence models of representation
examples of general reciprocal mechanisms
examples of genuine emergence
examples of icons as signs
examples of immediate interpretant
examples of infrastructure in recursive self maintenance
examples of intervening interactions
examples of lawful correspondence
"examples of rhemes is to think of them as unsaturated predicates like, ""— is a dog"", ""— is happy"", ""— loves —"" or ""— gives — to —"""
examples of semiotic interpretation of biological phenomena 
examples of signs whose sign-vehicle relies upon a quality
examples of signs whose sign-vehicle uses conventions surrounding their use, habits or laws
examples of signs whose sign-vehicle uses existential facts
examples of strictly informational correspondence
examples of switching mechanisms in recursive self maintenance
examples of the final interpretant
examples of types
execute interactions
exemplar
exhaustive typology of signs
exist after a period
exist before a period 
existence of intermediate forms
existence of needs
existence of regular hiatuses
existence of substantive information within the system being studied
existential aspects of natural science
existential fact
existing definitions of a self-reproducing system (SRS) on the basis of the Petri nets
existing definitions of a self-reproducing system (SRS) on the basis of the Petri nets or differential equations formalism do not include directly the assumption of variability into the definition (Kalevi Kull)
existing notion of adaptation in biology
exosemiotics deals with sign processes between organisms
exosemiotics is interested in inter-specific communication (Bouissac 1993)
exosemiotics is the most well studied area in biosemiotics
exosemiotics is the object for research in several disciplines such as ethology, sociobiology and behavioural ecology
exosemiotics may be concerned with alarm calls in birds
exosemiotics may be concerned with Japanese greetings rituals
exosemiotics may be concerned with pheromone emission by insects
exosemiotics may be concerned with the dances of cranes
expansion of semiotic freedom is the increase in richness or depth of meaning that can be communicated (Hoffmeyer 1996: 61).
expend energy
experience an absolute low esteem
experience continuous progress
experiment with terminology
experimental biology
experimental measurement of competition in field conditions
experimental research into animal umwelts
experimental work in an area
explain even across non-reducible levels
explain information theoretic methods to biology
explain the intentional aspects of living systems
explain the use of the idea of information by biologists
explanation of animal behaviour
explanation of coexistence of species inhabiting similar niche
explanation of the scarcity of semiotic biology in this century
explanations given to goal-directedness in cybernetics
explanatory adequacy
explanatory based version of Dretske's model
explanatory role of information
explicate a notion
explicate the conditions under which it would be appropriate to talk about something
explicit assumption
explicit content of the sign
explicit definitional constraints are illegitimate
explicit elements in the sign
explicit form of content
explicit interpretant
explicit level
explicitly use 
exponent of semiotic means
express a similar idea with someone
express a truth in a conditional proposition
express more clearly the connections between different aspects of a philosophy
extend far outside a profession
extend the model of Physical Symbol System Hypothesis to representation -- in particular, to representation of external entities
extended example
extensions of a model
extensive account of signification
extensive commentaries
external case
external conditions
external description of autopoietic systems
external forms of representation
external forms of representation require interpretation and understanding
external interpretants process the cultural heredity of an organism i.e. writings, creations, speech, movements and actions (G. Noutsos)  
external perspective
external reason
extremely complex sphere of biological theories 
extremely difficult
extremely fertile ground
face challenges
face with a dilemma
factually inadequate position
fail as a sign of the object
fail to contribute to the maintenance of far from equilibrium conditions
fail to provide a naturalistic account of normative function
failure of the causal closure of the physical world
fairly direct intuitive meaning
false attributions are asymmetrically dependent on correct attributions (Fodor)
false epistemologies
false evocations are dependent on true evocations, but asymmetrically so (Fodor) 
false evocations are in some sense parasitic on true evocations (Fodor) 
false indication of appropriate interactions
false metaphysics
false predication
false underlying presupposition concerning the nature of representation
familiar representations
familiarity with a sign
far from equilibrium processes manifest an inherent asymmetry
far from equilibrium thermodynamics offers a process, and pragmatic, framework for alternatives: self-maintenance yields function, and recursive self-maintenance yields representation
far from thermodynamic equilibrium systems
far from thermodynamic equilibrium systems are dependent on external processes to maintain their far from equilibrium conditions
Far-